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How do you Safely Scale up a Given Chemical Reaction?

If you are working in industry and are responsible for safety, how do you safely scale up a given chemical reaction? How do you tackle issues like heat transfer, gas release, exposure control, waste stream issues and more? The core of any process safety study is a correct description of both heat and gas release

How do you safely scale up a given chemical reaction?

If you are working in industry and are responsible for safety, how do you safely scale up a given chemical reaction? How do you tackle issues like heat transfer, gas release, exposure control, waste stream issues and more? The core of any process safety study is a correct description of both heat and gas release

Identify the reagents 3: answers

Last month I posted a scheme from showing Oppolzer’s synthesis of racemic Lysergic acid and asked if you could identify reagents or intermediates G, I, and H. Below are the answers! You can read more here in the full reference: W. Oppolzer et al, Helv. Chim. Acta 1981, 64, 478–481  

Heterocyclic phosphonium salts- powerful intermediates for pyridine coupling

Heterocyclic phosphonium salts- powerful intermediates for pyridine coupling:- I’ve always had a keen interest in phosphorus chemistry and have followed the work of the McNally group at Colorado state on heterocyclic phosphonium salts closely. In late 2016 a paper describing synthesis and application of the so called HetPhos salts for C4 (or C2) functionalisation of

Transition metal catalysis in vivo-cisplatin-mediated tertiary amide prodrug activation of cytotoxic agents in cancer cells

Figure: 1 The idea of using transition metal chemistry in a cellular setting might at first seem counterintuitive- biological conditions are challenging with respect to stability, efficiency and catalyst (not to mention patient) poisoning. Having said that many important intracellular processes are modulated by transition metals complexed in metalloproteins, with functions including storage and transport

The Chichibabin amination reaction

         2-Aminopyrides are useful synthetic intermediates and pharmacophores in a number of drugs.[1] The Chichibabin reaction, developed in the 1900’s gives a direct method for the amination of pyridine and pyridine derivatives (azines and azoles) using sodium or potassium amides. Intramolecular amination reactions are also known. The reaction can be run either

Oiling the cogs- Practical tips, useful facts and resources: Organometallic highlight:

The generation of lithium-alkoxide based aryl and heteroaryl Grignard reagents by Mg-Br/Cl exchange in toluene- increased reactivity and wide applicability. Organomagnesium-based organometallics are used extensively in organic chemistry.[1] Historically the reagents were prepared by direct insertion of magnesium metal into organic halides. With demand for more industrially applicable methods, halogen-magnesium exchange using alkyl magnesium halides

Industrial Phase Transfer Catalysis

Phase-transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the migration of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs. Phase-transfer catalysis is a special form of heterogeneous catalysis. Ionic reactants are often soluble in an aqueous phase but insoluble in an organic phase in the absence of the phase-transfer catalyst. The catalyst functions like a detergent for solubilizing

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